How does ice accumulation affect aircraft performance?

Ice accumulation on an aircraft can significantly alter its aerodynamic properties, primarily by increasing drag and reducing lift. When ice builds up on the wings and control surfaces, it disrupts the smooth airflow that is essential for maintaining aerodynamic efficiency. This disruption leads to an increase in drag, which requires more power to maintain speed and could potentially slow the aircraft down.

Simultaneously, the presence of ice changes the shape of the airfoil, which can reduce the lift generated at a given airspeed. This reduction in lift can result in a higher stall speed, making it more challenging for the aircraft to maintain level flight and increasing the risk of stalling, particularly during critical phases such as takeoff and landing.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately reflect the impact of ice accumulation. Ice does not enhance fuel efficiency or improve speed; rather, it creates additional challenges for pilots and increases operational risks. Additionally, the assertion that it has no significant effect is incorrect, as the consequences of ice accumulation are substantial and critical in aviation safety and performance management.